Is it still called Asperger’s? The simple answer is no. Nowadays, the condition previously known as Asperger’s is categorized as an autism spectrum disorder. It is most commonly called “high-functioning” autism.
Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger originally categorize Asperger’s in 1944. While he linked it with certain communication challenges and a unique pattern of social interaction, he did not think it caused significant intellectual or language deprivation.
Originally, the condition was classified as a distinct diagnostic category in the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association (APA)’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4, 1994). However, the fifth edition (DSM-5) recently changed this classification. It lists the condition within the more general group of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There are several reasons why the “Asperger’s” name was repealed. These include the need for individuality and the eugenic experiments that inspired the name.
Why Was the “Asperger’s” Name Changed?
The main reasons why APA decided to repeal Asperger’s name include the following:
- Individuality. Psychology experts thought that personalizing treatment and support for individuals on the ASD spectrum could be more important than separating them into varied groups. Some individuals had reported difficulties accessing support or treatment with an Asperger’s diagnosis than with an autistic one.
- Emphasis on the spectrum. Most scientists agree that autism is a range that manifests differently in every person. While there have been numerous attempts to place autistic individuals in different groups, it is somehow impossible to separate the categories.
- To eliminate clinical confusion. The criteria originally used to classify Asperger’s was confusing and problematic. A study even proved that it was more likely for someone to have this condition based on the facility they went to rather than their actual characteristics and traits.
- Eugenic history. Hans Asperger, the scientist named after the condition, was a Nazi physician with close links with the Hitler regime. During World War 2, he experimented on children in Vienna and ordered the killing of those he found to be severely autistic. For those he considered to be on his “favorable” side of the autistic spectrum, he decided they be accorded care and taught to hide their autistic traits so that they could contribute to society.
With the changes being somehow recent, it is unsurprising that many people with the condition still use the name Asperger’s. In fact, as Chris Bonnello admitted in a Guardian study, most of them “did not want to let go originally” since the name fitted them nicely. He, however, admitted that it was better if all autistic people were recognized, acknowledged, and appreciated under the same umbrella.
How to Comfortably and Empathetically Talk About Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in 2023
Asperger’s and other intellectual conditions tend to confuse many people, especially regarding the right terms and references to use. This is why you might be unsure how to initiate conversations about such matters empathetically without making anyone uncomfortable.
Here are some things to keep in mind about the terms that you can use to talk to or about individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD):
1. Intellectual Disability
“Intellectual disability” is the accepted phrase, as it replaced “mental retardation” in 2010 through an act of U.S. federal law. The law further states that such individuals should not be referred to as “the intellectually disabled” or “intellectually disabled people.”
In that respect, say that the individual has intellectual disabilities rather than “is a victim,” “is suffering from,” or “is afflicted with” intellectual disability.
2. R-Words
Avoid using R-words, as they have commonly been associated with hurtful connotations. This includes words such as “retard,” “retardation,” and “retarded”. These are similar to the use of hurtful slurs against minority groups.
3. Down Syndrome
Say “Down syndrome” rather than “mongoloid” or “Down’s syndrome.”
4. Use
When relevant, say that a person “uses” a wheelchair rather than they are “wheelchair-bound,” “restricted to,” or “confined to” a wheelchair.
5. Special
Exercise great care when using the word “special” to refer to individuals with intellectual disabilities. This is because the word’s overuse makes it a cliché. It has the potential to be abused or evoke feelings of discomfort. It is also important to note that most adults with IDD could have outgrown terms like “special needs”. They have developed a proper understanding of their own disabilities and can get around quite easily.
6. Unfortunate
Never use the adjective “unfortunate” to refer to an individual with an intellectual disability. A disability does not have to define anyone’s life negatively.
7. Excessive Hyperboles
Avoid sensationalizing the achievements of people with intellectual disabilities. While it is great to recognize and applaud them, the disability rights movement has voiced concerns about the negative effect of excessive hyperboles when celebrating the accomplishments of individuals with IDD or other disabilities.
8. Honest Conversation
The rule of thumb is to consult someone with the condition when unsure what term to use when talking to or about a person with IDD. Inclusion is always about acknowledging the interconnectedness of human beings. This begins with starting an honest conversation.
9. Descriptive, Simple, and Factual
Aim to be descriptive, simple, and factual rather than awkward, sentimental, or condescending. It is important to recognize that refusing to talk about or to individuals with IDD only creates more awkwardness. However, when unsure, it is better to use generic terms like “disabled” or “disability,” which cover all forms of cognitive, physical, sensory, learning, or mental disabilities, rather than using terms that appear condescending.
10. Listen
One more great skill in disability language is to listen more than you speak. It is normal to have concerns about their well-being, but being a great listener than more of a talker allows you to create a safe, nonjudgmental space. Individuals with IDD will feel more comfortable sharing how they love being referred to when they feel you understand their perspective and are not making assumptions about their feelings.
When your loved one has been diagnosed with IDD, it is important to start taking steps to help them combat stigma and discrimination. Key among these steps is knowing how to communicate with or about them comfortably and empathetically. You may also want to join a support group to connect with others in your position and share resources and experiences.
For decades, Venture Foundation has been raising awareness about the rights of people with developmental disabilities and supporting their cause through fundraising events. Reach out to us today to learn more about our services.
